This can lead to serious complications such as renal kidney failure. Pathogenesis of rabies infection, pathogenesis of rhabdoviruses. The rhabdoviridae are a family of viruses in the order mononegavirales. The infected individual may experience two forms of the virus depending on the location of neuronal infection. Rhabdomyolysis was described as early as biblical times. Theriskof acute renalfailure secondary to severe rhabdomyolysis after an infection ranges from 25% to 100% 29. The bite of rabid animal is the usual portal of entry which contains the infected saliva that is introduced into the depths of the wound.
Vesicular stomatitis virus vsv is a humble livestock pathogen that causes little or no disease in humans, but it is by far the bestcharacterized nonsegmented negativestrand nns rna virus when it comes to transcription and replication functions. In the majority of cases the disease manifests with typical signs of heterophilepositive infectious mononucleosis in which myalgia may be seen in up to 20% of cases. This disruption of skeletal muscle integrity leads to the direct release of intracellular muscle components, including myoglobin, creatine kinase ck, aldolase, and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as electrolytes, into the bloodstream and extracellular space. Biology and pathogenesis of rhabdo and filoviruses by asit k pattnaik biology and pathogenesis of rhabdo and filoviruses by asit k pattnaik pdf, epub ebook d0wnl0ad rhabdoviruses and filoviruses are singlestranded, nonsegmented, negativestrand rna viruses, many of which cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome characterized by muscle necrosis and the release of intracellular muscle constituents into the circulation.
Rhabdomyolysis associated with acute renal failure in. However, other routes have been implicated in the past, such as through mucous membranes of the mouth, conjunctiva, anus and genitalia. Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and may lead to kidney failure. The causative agent is rabies virus rv, a negativestranded rna virus of the rhabdovirus family, which. Biology and pathogenesis of rhabdo and filoviruses. Symptoms may include muscle pains, weakness, vomiting, and confusion. Twentyfour per cent of patients presenting with cocainerelated disorders in one emergency department developed rhabdomyolysis. Additionally, the infection of ncamdeficient mice by rabv.
But if you develop any of these symptoms after a hard workout, its a good idea to set up an appointment with your doctor. Individual 17,400da protein subunits protomers assemble in a helix with an. This chapter focuses on rhabdoviridae family whose member genuses are vesiculovirus, lyssavirus, ephemerovirus, novirhabdovirus, cytorhabdovirus, and nucleorhabdovirus. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment pubmed abstract full text html full text pdf. Rhabdomyolysiscausessymptomstreatmentpathophysiology. Nine cases of rhabdomyolysis associated with parainfluenza virus have been reported. Rhabdovirus, replication, evolution, diversity, structural studies. Only rabies virus, medically the most significant member of the genus lyssavirus. Rhabdomyolysis has been described in all types of infections, ranging from localized muscle infections with erythema bacterial pyomyositis to patients with sepsis and no direct muscle infection.
With crossfit we are dealing with what is known as exertional rhabdomyolysis. Crush injury and rhabdomyolysis ubc critical care medicine. Viral pathogenesis this lecture will define and discuss the basic principles of viral pathogenesis, the entire process by which viruses cause disease. Rabies virus structure and pathogenesis microbeonline. Novel h1n1associated rhabdomyolysis leading to acute. Ekpoma virus 1 and ekpoma virus 2 appear to replicate well in humans viral load ranged from 45,000 4.
To our knowledge, we report the first case of h1n1induced rhabdomyolysis leading to acute renal failure in an adult. Ectromelia virus infection of the laboratory mouse can be systemic but inapparent with no mortality and little morbidity, or highly lethal with death in 10 days. Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly. Viral pathogenesis an overview sciencedirect topics. Rhabdo virus free download as powerpoint presentation. Rabies virus replication and pathogenesis biology and.
Biology and pathogenesis of rhabdo and filoviruses pattnaik, asit k, whitt, michael a on. There may be teacolored urine or an irregular heartbeat. The long incubation period enables the rhabdo virus to exist within the host for an incubation period ranging up to seven years before expressing itself. Moloney viral leukemia lymphoma branch, national cancer institute, nih, bethesda, maryland 20014 summary murine sarcoma virus moloney of mouse origin induced. Cureus rhabdomyolysis as a presentation of 2019 novel. This means the kidneys cannot remove waste and concentrated urine. Rabies virus causes acute infection of the central nervous system. Rhabdomyolysis is a common complication of patients presenting with recreational drug use. Pathogenesis of a rhabdomyosarcoma undifferentiated type in. Spring viremia of carp is an infection caused by rhabdo virus carpio, a bulletshaped rna virus. This book addresses the most recent findings on rhabdovirus and filovirus structure, replication mechanisms, host cell responses to virus infections and viral. Rhabdomyolysis is the rapid destruction of skeletal muscle resulting in leakage into the urine of the muscle protein myoglobin. Complications may include electrolyte disturbances, acute renal failure, and compartment syndrome.
Vesicular stomatitis virus vsv, the prototypic rhabdovirus, has been used as an excellent paradigm for understanding the mechanisms of virus replication, pathogenesis, host response to virus infection and also for myriads of studies on cellular and molecular biology. Rhabdomyolysis associated with the nutritional supplement hydroxycut. Viral pathogenesis involves several steps that must occur for the virus to infect and cause disease in the host. Acute influenza infection is being increasingly recognised as an underlying aetiology. Rhabdoviruses and filoviruses are singlestranded, nonsegmented, negativestrand rna viruses, many of which cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. This virus family includes pathogens, such as rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and potato yellow dwarf virus that are of tremendous public health, veterinary, and agricultural significance. Rabies is a cns disease that is almost invariably fatal. Read download the world of rhabdoviruses pdf pdf download. The causative agent is rabies virus rv, a negativestranded rna virus of the rhabdovirus family. Rv pathogenesis, like that of other viruses, is a multigenic trait. Exertional rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome with many causes. Much later, nonphysical injuries were recognized as potential causes of rhabdomyolysis. Molecular basis of rhabdovirus pathogenicity springerlink. However, this extended latency period has allowed mere mortals the opportunity to attack the virus before the wild type overtakes the body.
Paulpierre pastoret, bernard brochier, in encyclopedia of immunology second edition, 1998. For example, a case of rhabdomyolysis secondary to coxsackievirus. Results any form of muscle damageand by extension any entity that causes muscle. It affects humans as well as domestic and wild animals. This patient presented in middecember with a severe case of acute coxsackie b myocarditis. Fortunately, most people who have rhabdo do not get sick enough to require hospitalization. Rabies is a central nervous system cns disease that is almost invariably fatal. Rhabdoviridae is a virus family within the mononegavirales order, which also contains the bornaviridae, filoviridae, and paramyxoviridae families. It spreads through the neural pathways from the site of infection to the central nervous system and is most often fatal following the initial presentation of symptoms. Rhabdomyolysis is a complex medical condition involving the rapid dissolution of damaged or injured skeletal muscle. Clinicians should be aware that rhabdomyolysis can be an initial presentation of covid19 or can occur at any time during the disease course. In adults, only 5% of viral infections lead to rhabdomyolysis, the most common viral agents being influenza a and b, hiv, coxsackie, epsteinbarr, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus.
This book represents an authoritative text that brings together the most recent advances on the cellular and molecular biology of rhabdo and filoviruses, including mechanisms of pathogenesis. Rabies is an infectious viral disease caused by rabies virus. Sporadic cases may be caused by overexertion or dietary imbalances, whereas chronic cases may be caused by inherent defects in intracellular calcium regulation recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis or glycogen metabolism polysaccharidestorage myopathy. Pathogenesis involves transport of virus centripetally along peripheral nerves to the central nervous system, where virus replicates, followed by centrifugal. Medications can cause muscle injury and rhabdomyolysis. The virions are 100430 nm in length and 45100 nm in diameter and contain a single molecule of linear, negative sense ssrna. Influenzab associated rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. He had no relevant muscular complaints but was diagnosed with severe rhabdomyolysis for which he was treated with hyperhydration. Everything you always wanted to know about rabies virus but. Rhabdomyolysis is characterised by muscle breakdown with release of damaging proteins that can have devastating consequences. While the etiology of a specific case of rhabdo myolysis is often known, the exact pathways by which the various insults that can cause this syndrome ultimately lead to muscle injury and necrosis are less clear. Influenza virus is the most frequently reported viral cause of rhabdomyolysis. In the normal myocyte, the sarcolemma, a thin membrane that encloses striated muscle fibres, contains numerous pumps that regulate cellular electrochemical gradients.
In 2015 two novel rhabdoviruses, ekpoma virus 1 and ekpoma virus 2, were discovered in samples of blood from two healthy women in southwestern nigeria. One of the unique features of the negativestrand genome. Background rhabdomyolysis is a complex medical condition involving the rapid dissolution of damaged or injured skeletal muscle. The who recently declared that the novel influenza h1n1 virus was responsible for the 2009 flu pandemic. Rhabdomyolysis is a serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury. The virus, a rhabdovirus, is often present in the salivary glands of rabid animals and is excreted in the saliva. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Biology and pathogenesis of rhabdo and filoviruses by asit k pattnaik pdf, epub ebook d0wnl0ad rhabdoviruses and filoviruses are singlestranded, nonsegmented, negativestrand rna viruses, many of which cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Rabies virus is an enveloped, singlestranded rna virus with bullet shaped or rodshaped morphology. Click download or read online button to get filoviruses book now. Horses can develop a number of muscle disorders, many of which may progress to rhabdomyolysis. Diseases associated with viruses of this family include rabies encephalitis caused by rabies virus, and vesicular diseases and encephalitis flulike symptoms in humans caused by vesiculoviruses. Furious rabies is exhibited when the virus replicates in the limbic system while dumb rabies is experienced when the virus replicates in the neocortex. Direct invasion of muscle cells and toxin generation have been proposed as two possible mechanisms of muscle injury becauseof either viral or bacterialagents.
Natural infections with the virus have been reported in common carp or koi, cyprinus carpio, goldfish carassius auratus, grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella, bighead carp aristichthys. It results from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream. Transcription and replication of rhabdoviruses ncbi. Chapters on emerging viruses as well as approaches for therapeutic interventions have also been included. Much clearer is the picture of the final common events shared by the diverse etiologies of rhabdomyolysis. An outofseason case of coxsackie b myocarditis with. Rhabdomyolysis is a very rare and serious extrapulmonary manifestation of a mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Mar 01, 2002 rhabdomyolysis is a potentially lifethreatening syndrome resulting from the breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers with leakage of muscle contents into the circulation. About 5 percent of the length of the virion is depicted. In this study, a case of rhabdomyolysis is reported occurring during the clinical course of an 18yearold patient with. In this study, a case of rhabdomyolysis is reported occurring during the clinical course of an 18yearold patient with infectious. Rhabdoviridae are enveloped rna viruses characterized by their shape gr. The virus may gain access through a preexisting scratch or abrasion occasionally if this has been contaminated with the saliva. Cellular protein synthesis adenovirus replication vesicular stomatitis virus infection.
The rhabdovirus prototype vsv grows very rapidly to high titer and is. Individual species of rhabdovirus are distinguished genetically and serologically. As the virus continues to spread globally and affect more individuals, more complications of infection with this virus are being recognized. First, direct invasion of muscle tissue by a viral agent. We describe a case of a 47yearold male patient who presented with progressive dyspnoea, hypoxaemia and cough during the last 3 days.
This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. However, it was during the london bombings in world war ii that the link between rhabdomyolysis and aki was described in crush victims, followed by similar reports from other wars 2, 3. If more than 100 g of skeletal muscle is damaged, serum haptoglobin binding capacity. Pathogenesis of a rhabdomyosarcoma undifferentiated type in rats induced by a murine sarcoma virus moloney k. Long school of pharmacy, university of the pacific, stockton, ca 3department of pharmacology, louisiana state university. Vertebrates including mammals and humans, invertebrates, and plants serve as natural hosts. Aug 08, 2019 rhabdomyolysis is a very serious syndrome in which the muscle tissue breaks down due to direct or indirect injury of the muscle. A few of the frequent causes are explored in more depth in the article. Coxsackie is a common cause of acute myocarditis in young patients, accounting for 2025% of cases annually 3. Infection with epsteinbarr virus ebv is common and induces a broad spectrum of illness. Rhabdomyolysis complicating acute epsteinbarr virus.
Therefore, we will relate current knowledge on the molecular aspects of rhabdo virus infection of vertebrates to rhabdovirus transmission by insects. We report an unusual case of severe rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure due to influenza a infection that improved with highdose oseltamivir and intravenous. The diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis is clinically suggested by the presence of myalgia, general weakness and hypochromic urine. The helical structure of the rigid tobacco mosaic virus rod. Viral disease is a sum of the effects on the host of virus replication and of the immune response. Rhabdomyolysis and renal function impairment after isolated limb perfusioncomparison between the effects of perfusion with rhtnf alpha and a tripledrug regimen. The commonest mode of transmission in man is by the bite of a rabid animal or the contamination of scratch wounds by virus infected saliva. Second, myotoxic cytokines were released in response to viral infection. Buy biology and pathogenesis of rhabdo and filoviruses. Overview of rhabdo and filoviruses 5 tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular biology of replication of rhabdo and filoviruses in the past decades. Patients with rhabdomyolysis should receive aggressive fluid administration to prevent acute kidney injury aki.
The virus is then delivered to the central nervous system via axons in the spinal cord. Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of damaged skeletal muscle. Poxvirus infections, in general, are acute, with no strong evidence for latent, persistent, or chronic infections. Creatine kinase ck levels are typically markedly elevated, and muscle pain and myoglobinuria may be present. A 7yearold child is presented with rhabdomyolysis associated with parainfluenza type 2 virus. Acute kidney injury is a dangerous complication of severe rhabdomyolysis. Rna of a rhabdovirus is that it serves as the template for. Rhabdovirus virions, like other negativestranded rna viruses, are. A simple blood and urine test could help establish the diagnosis. It is the member of the family rhabdoviridae and the genus lyssavirus. To date we have seen five cases of exertional rhabdo associated with crossfit workouts. Table 3 lists drugs and other agents that can cause rhabdomyolysis. Rabies virus rabv, a negative sense, singlestrand rna virus of the rhabdoviridae family causes one of the most lethal zoonotic diseases. Muscle breakdown causes the release of myoglobin into the bloodstream.